单元7:资本预算和投资评估
Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal
http://tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:GSYLVmgzoHfbNM:http://knows.jongo.com/UserFiles/Image/JH/guotaiming.jpg
http://tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:UN-WJitPCsvmfM:http://images.forbes.com/media/lists/79/2008/HRDW.jpg
需要审查资本投资是为了长期承诺建设基础设施以创造长期价值还是为了操纵收益。 鸿海和万特电子曾一度以相似的市值进行交易,但
在亚洲金融危机后,鸿海通过渗透到中国并建立低成本制造基地,其资本支出比万特电子多出近 10 倍,而万特电子则没有这样做,保守
的黄日良保留了大部分自由现金流(高层管理人员更多地听取分析师和基金经理建议他们拥有高自由现金流的结果)。1997年至2001年
间,鸿海累计投资了21亿美元的资本支出,而万特电子同期的资本支出为2.57亿美元。 鸿海的自由现金流为负,而万特电子的自由现金
流很高,数字看起来相当不错。然而,鸿海的市值从26 亿美元(1997 年)攀升至目前的730 亿美元,而万特电子的市值则从26 亿美元
(2000 年)跌至低于10 亿美元的市场,到目前的30 亿美元。
Capital investments will need to be examined on whether it is for long-term commitment to build an infrastructure for longer-term value-creation
or for earnings manipulation. Hon Hai and Venture were both trading at similar market cap at one time, but Hon Hai spent nearly 10x more capex
vs Venture post the Asian Financial Crisis by penetrating into China and building low-cost manufacturing bases which Venture did not, with the
conservative NL Wong keeping most of the free cashflow (a result of top management listening more to analysts and fund managers advising them
to have high free cashflow). Hon Hai invested a cumulative US$2.1 billion in capex from 1997-2001, while Venture spent US$257 million during the
same period. Hon Hai became negative in free cashflow, while the numbers of Venture looks pretty with his high free cashflow. However, Hon Hai
climbed from US$2.6 billion (1997) to the present US$73 billion, while Venture fell from US$2.6 billion (2000) to below US$1 billion mkt cap to the
current US$3 billion.
1 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
Venture Corp vs Hon Hai Precision 鸿海/富士康
US$M 1997 1998 1999 2000
Accumulated FCF
Sales 477.6 437.5 561.2 843.8 (97-00) = US$35M
Net 32.2 37.8 49.0 61.0
Accumulated FCF
CFO 32.6 55.7 36.1 -16.8
(01-07) = US$750M!
Capex -2.9 -10.9 -21.5 -37.4
FCF 29.7 44.8 14.6 -54.2 Steady ROA!
ROA 13.6% 13.1% 13.5% 13.9%
Market Cap (2000) = US$2.6B
Share Price (May 1992 – 2000)
Analysts and fund managers say Free Cashflow
= Up 70-150X
and nice financial numbers is very important!
US$M 1997 1998 1999 2000 Accumulated FCF
(97-00) = -US$370M
Sales 819.2 1147.0 1606.9 2949.1
Net 126.8 164.8 229.9 330.9
Accumulated FCF
CFO 134.8 25.9 -31.1 -130.4 (01-07) = US$68.5M
Capex -61.1 -51.8 -67.8 -189.0
Declining ROA!
FCF 73.6 -25.9 -98.9 -319.4
ROA 19.0% 16.2% 14.3% 13.5% Market Cap (1997) = US$2.6B
2 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
资本投资和股票回报 Capital Investments and Stock Return
Titman, Wei and Xie (2004), Capital Investments and Stock Return, Journal of Financial And Quantitative Analysis 39 (4): 677-700
• The average firm destroys value when they invest substantially
• LONG low-capex firms generate 4.2% per year, SHORT high-capex firms earn 12.7% per year
• Why? Execution risk + Investors consistently fail to appreciate managerial motivations to put the best
possible spin on their new “growth opportunities” when raising capital to fund their “expenditures”.
3 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
大纲
1.0 资本投资评估过程
1.1 资本投资评估阶段
1.2 修订基本金融技术
2.0 估计所需数量
2.1 相关现金流量
2.2 NPV/IRR相关现金流
2.3 税收
2.4 NPV/IRR 包括税收现金流
2.5 通货膨胀
2.6 NPV/IRR 包括通货膨胀
2.7 营运资金
2.8 NPV/IRR 包括营运资金
3.0 ⻛险和不确定性
3.1 了解⻛险和不确定性的重要性
3.2 纳⼊⻛险
3.3 灵敏度
3.4 ⻛险和期望值
3.5 ⻛险和敏感性分析
4 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
简介和学习成果
▪ 公司必须努⼒确保所进行的资本投资和项目能够产⽣⾜够的净收⼊来增加企业的整体价值,从而
增加企业的财富其股东。资本投资评估也称为“资本预算”。
▪ “积极目的”支出的例⼦包括:
➢ 经营活动的扩展或改进(可能是新流程、知识产权许可费、新设计等)
➢ 更换或搬迁运营能⼒;购买另一家企业
➢ 进⼊合资企业;和研发
▪ 资本支出也可能是“消极目的”。
➢ 冗余和关闭;⼯⼚停产
➢ 必要的法律义务(例如,遵守环境法规)
➢ 因退出特定市场而导致的销售活动损失
▪ 一家公司可能⽆法执⾏其所有潜在项⽬:有些项目可能相互重叠或冲突。项目之间存在三种可能
的关系状态。
➢ 互斥:在给定范围的备选⽅案中,选择一个备选⽅案排除了对任何其他备选⽅案的选择。
➢ 独立的:公司可以从给定的备选⽅案范围中选择任何单个项目或项目组合。
➢ 依赖的(或有条件的):开展一个项目的决定可能取决于另一个项目的结果。
完成本单元后,您将能够:
▪ 表现出对长期资本投资评估过程的批判性理解;在投资评估⽅案中识别、计算和应⽤相关的现⾦
流量和资本成本
▪ 表现出对税收、通货膨胀和营运资本对资本投资评估中使⽤的现金流的影响的批判性理解
▪ 在投资评估过程中识别和应⽤适当的⻛险和不确定性措施。
5 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
1.0 资本投资评估过程
1.1 资本投资评估阶段
▪ 资本支出涉及大笔资金的支出,任何预期的收益都可能需要数年才能产⽣。由于这些原因,资本支出必须经
过严格的评估和控制过程。一个典型的投资决策模型有许多不同的阶段。
(1) 提案的起源。Origination of proposals.
(2) 项⽬筛选。Project screening.
(3) 分析和接受。Analysis and acceptance.
(4) 监测和审查。Monitoring and review.
(1) 提案的起源。Origination of proposals.
▪ 投资机会不只是出现;公司必须建立一种机制,扫描环境以寻找机会,并对未来的问题进行早期预警。例如
,可能会导致收⼊下降的技术变⾰可能会被此扫描过程发现,并且应立即采取措施应对此类威胁。 Investment
opportunities do not simply appear; a company must set up a mechanism that scans the environment for
opportunities and gives an early warning of future problems. For example, a technological change that could result in
a drop in revenue might be picked up by this scanning process, and steps should be taken immediately to respond to
such a threat.
▪ 投资的想法可能来自那些在技术岗位上⼯作的人。例如,⼯⼚经理可以很好地确定扩大产能或新机器可以增
加产量或制造过程效率的⽅式。考虑到他们对组织⽅向的战略观点和对竞争环境的了解,创新想法(例如新
产品线)更有可能来自更高级别的管理人员。
▪ 任何提案的最重要特征是它应该与公司的战略保持⼀致。例如,公司的战略可能是通过推出新产品或瞄准新
客⼾或市场来增加收⼊。The overriding feature of any proposal is that it should be consistent with the company's
strategy. For example, a company’s strategy could be to increase revenue by introducing new products or by targeting
new customers or markets.
▪ 整个企业的员⼯都可以参与替代技术、机器和项目规范的评估。一些替代⽅案将在早期被拒绝;其他人将得
到更彻底的评估。Employees from across the business can be involved in the evaluation of alternative technologies,
machines and project specifications. Some alternatives will be rejected early on; others will be more thoroughly
evaluated.
6 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
1.1 资本投资评估阶段
(2) 项⽬筛选(Project Screening):在开始更详细的财务分析之前,每个提案都必须通过定性筛选。
▪ 该项目的目的是什么?
▪ 它是否“符合”公司的长期目标?
▪ 它是一项强制性投资(例如,遵守安全法规)吗?
▪ 需要哪些资源以及它们是否可⽤(金钱、能⼒、劳动⼒等)?
▪ 企业是否具备必要的管理专业知识来指导项目完成?
▪ 该项目是否使企业⾯临不必要的⻛险?有哪些⻛险?
▪ 该项目将持续多长时间,哪些因素是其成功的关键?
▪ 是否考虑了所有可能的替代⽅案?
(3) 分析验收 Analysis and Acceptance
▪ 完成并提交标准格式的财务信息作为正式的投资建议。
▪ 按类型对项目进行分类(将项目分为需要或多或少严格的财务评估的项目,以及必须达到或多或少的回报率才能
被视为可接受的项目)。
▪ 对项目进行财务分析。
▪ 将财务分析的结果与预定的验收标准进行比较。
▪ 根据当前和未来运营期间的资本预算考虑项目。
▪ 做出决定(投/不投)。
▪ 监控项目进度。
财务分析:
▪ 涉及公司优先投资的应⽤评价技术。对于许多项目,一些财务影响将极难量化,但必须尽一切努⼒这样做,以便
为规划和控制提供正式的基础。
▪ 该项目将产⽣哪些现⾦流量/利润以及何时产⽣?在确定现金流量时是否考虑了通货膨胀?财务评估的结果是什
么?是否考虑过⻛险,如果有,结果如何?
▪ 一些项目,例如营销投资决策,可能会产⽣⽆形的现⾦流⼊和回报,以至于不可能进行全⾯的财务评估。在这种
情况下,可能会更加重视对质量问题(qualitative issues)的考虑。
7 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
1.1 资本投资评估阶段
财务分析Financial Analysis
▪ 涉及公司优先投资的应⽤评价技术。对于许多项目,一些财务影响将极难量化,但必须尽一切努⼒这样做,以便为规划和
控制提供正式的基础。
▪ 该项目将产⽣哪些现⾦流量/利润以及何时产⽣?在确定现金流量时是否考虑了通货膨胀?财务评估的结果是什么?是否
考虑过⻛险,如果有,结果如何?
▪ 一些项目,例如营销投资决策,可能会产⽣⽆形的现⾦流⼊和回报,以至于不可能进行全⾯的财务评估。在这种情况下,
可能会更加重视对质量问题(qualitative issue)的考虑。
质量问题Qualitative Issues
▪ 资本项目的财务分析至关重要,因为涉及的资金数额和时间长短。然而,对定性问题(即难以或不可能量化的因素)的
考虑也与决策相关。质量问题将在初始(1) 筛选阶段考虑,例如在审查项目与组织的总体目标的“契合度”以及是否为强制
性投资时。 可能与特定项目相关的其他定性问题⾮常⼴泛。
➢ 不进行投资有什么影响(例如对员⼯⼠⽓的不利影响、市场份额的损失)?
➢ 接受这个项目是否会导致未来需要进⼀步的投资活动?
➢ 对公司形象会有什么影响?
➢ 组织是否会因投资而变得更加灵活,并且能够更好地应对市场和技术变化?
接受/拒绝决定
▪ 项目的“通过/不通过”决策可以在组织层次结构中的不同级别做出,这取决于三个因素:
➢ 投资类型
➢ 其感知⻛险
➢ 所需的开⽀⾦额
▪ 一旦做出接受/拒绝的决定,公司就致⼒于项目,项目的成功或失败反映了管理层做出正确决策的能⼒。
(4) 监测和审查Monitoring and Review
▪ 在项目进行期间,应应⽤项目控制以确保:
➢ 资本支出不超过授权⾦额
➢ 项目实施不延误
➢ 并最终获得预期的收益
▪ 前两项比第三项更容易控制,因为控制通常可以在资本支出获得批准后立即实施,而对收益的监控则需要更长的时间。
8 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
1.1 修订基本金融技术
用于在财务上评估是否应开展项⽬的五项关键技术:
1) 会计收益率 [ARR]
2) 投资回收期 [payback period]
3) 净现值 [NPV]
4) 内部收益率 [IRR]
5) 贴现回收期 [Discounted payback
问题:卡佩索⽇本 Capexo Japan 项⽬的 ARR,投资回收期,净现值(NPV),IRR,折现回收期是多少?
▪ 正在考虑一项为期三年的试验项目,该项目涉及建立一个⾰命性的微型核反应堆,为东京的一个地区发电。需
要立即投资 140,000m ⽇元。该投资的预期增量净现金流⼊第 1 年为 95,000m⽇元,第 2 年为 66,500m⽇元,第
3 年为 51,500m ⽇元。项目结束时,第 4 年需要额外增加 33,500 ⽇元⽤于退役⼩型核反应堆和清理现场。
Capexo Japan 的加权平均资本成本 (WACC) 为18%。忽略公司税。
解答:
假设会计利润是折旧调整后的现金流量。
还假设退役成本没有资本化, 并在第 4 年被视为一次性费⽤。
年平均会计利润 = (– 140,000 + 95,000 + 66,500 + 51,500 - 33,500)/ 4 = ¥9,875m
平均投资 = ¥140,000m / 2 = ¥70, 000
会计收益率 [ARR] = 年平均会计利润/平均投资 = ¥9,875m/ ¥70,000 = 14.1%
投资回收期 = 1年+ 45/66.5 x 12 月= 1年8.1月
投资回收期缺点:忽略了项目结束时的退役成本 [decommissioning cost] ,也忽略了投资回收期之后的现金流。
年 现⾦流 累计
0 -140 -140
1 95 -45
2 66.5 21.5
9 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
1.1 修订基本金融技术
解答:
净现值 = $2,290
项⽬的内部收益率⼤于 18%(在 18% 时,项⽬的 NPV 为正)。
IRR = 18% + (20% - 18%) x 2,290/ (2,290 + 1,043) = 19.4%
折现回收期 = 2年+ 11,788/31,364 x 12月 = 2年4.5月
年 现⾦流 折现扣系数 18% 折现现⾦流 累计 年 现⾦流 折现扣系数 20% 折现现⾦流
0 (140,000) 1 (140,000) (140,000) 0 (140,000) 1 (140,000)
1 95,000 0.847 80,465 (59,535) 1 95,000 0.833 79,135
2 66,500 0.718 47,747 (11,788) 2 66,500 0.694 46,151
3 51,500 0.609 31,364 19,576 3 51,500 0.579 29,818
4 (33,500) 0.516 (17,286) 4 (33,500) 0.482 (16,147)
净现值 NPV 2,290 净现值 NPV (1,043)
10 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.0 估计所需数量
2.1 相关现金流量
▪ ARR:企业目标回报、利润、折旧、初始投资和任何残值。
▪ 回收期:所有相关的现金流量。
▪ NPV、IRR 和贴现回收期:所有相关现金流量、适当的贴现因⼦(即资本成本)。
▪ 这些都是“未来”的数字,因此是不确定的,因此它们背后的假设对于理解财务评估的局限性至关重要。
相关现⾦流量
▪ 评估一项投资时应考虑的现金流量是由于所评估的投资决策而产⽣的现金流量。
➢ 投资评估的相关成本[relevant cost] 包括机会成本、营运资金成本以及更⼴泛的成本,例如基础设施和人⼒发展成本。
➢ 过去发⽣的任何成本,或⽆论是否进⾏投资都会发⽣的任何承诺成本[committed costs],都不是相关的现⾦流量。无论
做出何种投资决定,它们已经发⽣或将要发⽣。这包括中央分配的非执⾏项⽬结果的间接费用[overheads]。
➢ 一个项目的年度利润可以计算为所赚取的增量贡献减去作为额外现金支出项目的任何增量固定成本(即忽略折旧和其
他⾮现金项目)。The annual profits from a project can be calculated as the incremental contribution earned minus any
incremental fixed costs that are additional cash items of expenditure (i.e. ignoring depreciation and other non-cash items).
▪ 关键问题是现金流是否来自项目。⾮项目产⽣的现金流量无关紧要,因此被排除在外。
➢ 只有项目导致的现金流量增量增加/减少才是相关的。Only incremental increases/decreases in cash flows as a result of the
project are relevant.
➢ 沉没成本(sunk costs)无关紧要,因为它们是在项目开始之前发⽣的.它们既不会因项目而增加或减少。
➢ 固定成本仅与增量相关。任何不会因项目而改变的固定成本都是无关紧要的。 Fixed costs are relevant only to the extent
that they are incremental. Any fixed cost that does not change as a result of a project is irrelevant.
➢ 机会成本(opportunity costs)(即当资产⽤于一个目的而不是另一个目的时放弃的收益)被认为与投资评估决策的目
的相关。
▪ 资本投资的一些增量收益可能是⽆形的(⽆法赋予价值),因此被排除在财务分析之外:
➢ 更高的客户满意度,源于更及时的服务(例如,因为计算机化的销售和交付服务)
➢ 通过使⽤更高质量的资产提高员⼯士气
➢ 更好的信息系统带来更好的决策
11 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.2 NPV/IRR相关现金流
问题:计算新微型相机镜头的制造和销售拟议投资的 NPV 和IRR。
▪ Jimev Focus Inc. (JFI) 向大型国际智能⼿机和平板电脑制造商销售创新的相机部件。JFI 的管理层正在评估购买新
的激光和其他精密设备,以⽣产⽤于智能⼿机和平板电脑的新型微型相机镜头单元。由于智能⼿机技术不断
变化,预计在下一代版本开发并上市之前,这款相机镜头将有四年的可行市场。
▪ 新的激光和其他精密设备将需要 100 万美元的投资,使⽤寿命为 4 年,之后的报废价值为 10 万美元。
▪ 如果未来现金流不包含对通货膨胀的估计,JFI 使⽤6% 的“实际”加权平均资本成本对所有项目进行财务评估。
▪ JFI 估计每个相机镜头的可变成本为 12 美元,售价为 20 美元,而增加的固定成本预计为每年 50,000 美元。
▪ 微型相机镜头的⽣产和销售预计如下。
年 1 2 3 4
产销量(台) 37,000 55,000 81,000 26,000
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 计算
产销量(台) 37,000 37,000 55,000 81,000 26,000
销售 740 1,100 1,620 520 37 x 20 = 740
可变成本 (444) (660) (972) (312) 37 x 12 = 444
固定成本 (50) (50) (50) (50)
利润 246 390 598 158
资本投资 (1,000) 100
净现金流 (1,000) 246 390 598 258
WACC@6% 1 0.943 0.890 0.840 0.792
贴现现金 (1,000) 232.1 347.1 502.1 204.4
NPV 285.6
12 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.2 NPV/IRR相关现金流
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4
净现金流 (1,000) 246 390 598 258
WACC@6% 1 0.943 0.890 0.840 0.792
贴现现金 (1,000) 232.1 347.1 502.1 204.4
NPV 285.6
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4
净现金流 (1,000) 246 390 598 258
WACC@18% 1 0.847 0.718 0.609 0.516
贴现现金 (1,000) 208.5 280.1 364 133.1
NPV (14.4)
IRR = 6% + (18% – 6%) x [285.6/(285.6 + 14.4)] = 17.4%
13 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.3 税收
交易(经营)现⾦流Trading (operating) cash flows
▪ 经营性现金流的净增加将产⽣额外的利润和税收,而经营性现金流的净减少可能导致纳税的偿还。在NPV 计算中,将要支付的相关
税款作为现金流出扣除,任何已偿还的税款作为现金流⼊添加。
资本现⾦流Capital cash flows
▪ 收购和处置的任何资产也可能产⽣税务影响。为项目投资于⾮流动资产(例如,机器)的资金可能会吸引税收优惠(称为“可征税折
旧”或“资本减免”)。这种可征税折旧与会计折旧不同,甚至不相关。这些扣除减少了应税利润,从而节省了税款,在为NPV 目的计
算总体现金流时必须考虑到这一点。资本减免可以按不同的比率对所进行的投资进行申请。它们可能是直线或减少平衡。产⽣的正现
金流为:Money invested in non-current assets (for example, machinery) for a project may attract taxation incentives (known as 'tax-allowable
depreciation' or 'capital allowances'). This tax-allowable depreciation is not the same as or even related to accounting depreciation. These
deductions reduce taxable profits, resulting in tax savings, and must be taken into consideration when calculating the overall cash flows for
NPV purposes. Capital allowances can be claimed at various rates on the investment made. They might be straight line or reducing balance.
1)资本免税额x 公司税率Value of the capital allowance x Corporate tax rate
➢ 例如,如果一家企业在新机器上投资1000 万美元,并适⽤25% 的直线资本免税额,这将导致每年从应税利润中扣除250 万美
元。如果适⽤的公司税率为30%,那么在计算整体现金流时对现金流的影响将是每年250 万×30% = 75 万美元的税收节省(正
现金流)。If a business invested $10m in new machinery and 25% straight-line capital allowances were applicable, this would result
in an annual $2.5m deduction from taxable profits. If the applicable rate of corporate taxation was 30%, then the cash flow impact
when calculating the overall cash flows would be an annual taxation saving (a positive cash flow) of 2.5m × 30% = $0.75m.
2)平衡津贴的价值× 公司税率Value of the balancing allowance × Corporate tax rate
➢ 资产处置可能产⽣平衡备抵或费⽤。如果资产的减记价值大于其处置价值(处置损失),则会产⽣平衡备抵。允许对损失进
行税收减免,其计算⽅式与资本免税额类似。A balancing allowance or charge may arise on the disposal of an asset. A balancing
allowance arises if the written-down value of an asset is greater than its disposal value (loss on disposal). Taxation relief is allowed on
the loss and this will be calculated in a similar way to the capital allowance.
3)平衡费用的价值× 公司税率Value of the balancing charge × Corporate tax rate
➢ 当资产的处置价值大于其减记价值(处置利润)时,就会产⽣平衡费⽤。公司将对处置利润缴纳税款。A balancing charge
arises when the disposal value of an asset is greater than its written-down value (profit on disposal). The company will pay tax on the
profit on disposal,resultingin negative cash flow.
▪ 在计算了相关的税收现金流量之后,下一个问题是税收现金流量的时间(即何时付款或收款)。在许多国家,公司税是在与利润相关
的财政年度的下一年缴纳的。在其他国家,它在利润产⽣的同一年支付。After calculating the relevant taxation cash flows, the next
question is the timing of the tax cash flow (i.e. when the payment or receipt is due).
14 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.4 NPV/IRR 包括税收现金流
问题:计算新微型相机镜头的制造和销售拟议投资的 NPV 和 IRR。
▪ Jimev Focus Inc. (JFI) 向大型国际智能⼿机和平板电脑制造商销售创新的相机部件。JFI 的管理层正在评估购买新
的激光和其他精密设备,以⽣产⽤于智能⼿机和平板电脑的新型微型相机镜头单元。由于智能⼿机技术不断
变化,预计在下一代版本开发并上市之前,这款相机镜头将有四年的可行市场。
▪ 新的激光和其他精密设备将需要 100 万美元的投资,使⽤寿命为 4 年,之后的报废价值为 10 万美元。
▪ 如果未来现金流不包含对通货膨胀的估计,JFI 使⽤ 6% 的“实际”加权平均资本成本对所有项目进行财务评估。
▪ JFI 估计每个相机镜头的可变成本为 12 美元,售价为 20 美元,而增加的固定成本预计为每年 50,000 美元。
▪ 微型相机镜头的⽣产和销售预计如下。
年 1 2 3 4
产销量(台) 37,000 55,000 81,000 26,000
▪ 新信息:JFI 的交易利润按 25% 的税率缴纳公司税,并已拖⽋一年。购买任何设备的“税收折旧”可以减少公司
税的责任,JFI 可以在拟议投资的四年期限内按直线法要求。在最后一年,需要在第 4 年末进行平衡调整,届
时预计激光和其他精密设备将以 10 万美元报废。
▪ JFI's trading profits are chargeable to corporate tax at 25%, with the payment made one year in arrears. Liability to
corporate tax is reduced by 'tax depreciation' on any equipment purchased, which JFI can claim on a straight-line
basis over the four-year life of the proposed investment. In the final year, a balancing adjustment will be required at
the end of Year 4, when it is expected that the laser and other precision equipment will be scrapped for $0.1m.
15 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.4 NPV/IRR 包括税收现金流
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 计算
产销量(台) 37,000 37,000 55,000 81,000 26,000
销售 740 1,100 1,620 520 37x 20 = 740
可变成本 (444) (660) (972) (312) 37 x 12 = 444
固定成本 (50) (50) (50) (50)
应税利润 246 390 598 158
应纳税额 (61.5) (97.5) (149.5) (39.5) 25% x 246 = 61.5
税后利润 246 328.5 500.5 8.5 (39.5)
资本投资 (1,000) 100
税收折旧收益 62.5 62.5 62.5 37.5 以下
净现金流 (1,000) 246 391 563 171 (2)
WACC@6% 1 0.943 0.890 0.840 0.792 0.747
贴现现金 (1,000) 232.1 348 472.7 135.4 (1.5)
NPV 186.7
年$’000 1 2 3 4 5 计算
设备(开始估值) 1,000 750 500 250
报废价 (100)
税收折旧Tax depreciation (250) (250) (250) 1,000 /4 = 250. Y4, equipment scrapped for $100
平衡调整Balancing adj. (150) Only $150 is available as allowance.
设备(最终估值) 750 500 250
应收税收折旧优惠@25% 62.5 62.5 62.5 37.5 (Y1 paid in Y2) 25% x 250 = 62.5; (Y4 paid in Y5) 25% x 150 = 37.5
Total tax depreciation benefit = (1,000-100) x 25% = 225
16 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.4 NPV/IRR 包括税收现金流
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5
净现金流 (1,000) 246 391 563 171 (2)
WACC@6% 1 0.943 0.890 0.840 0.792 0.747
贴现现金 (1,000) 232.1 348 472.7 135.4 (1.5)
NPV 186.7
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5
净现金流 (1,000) 246 391 563 171 (2)
WACC@15% 1 0.870 0.756 0.658 0.572 0.497
贴现现金 (1,000) 213.9 295.7 370.2 97.8 (1)
NPV (23.5)
IRR = 6% + (15% – 6%) x [186.7/(186.7 + 23.5)] = 14%
17 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.5 通货膨胀
▪ 实际现⾦流(real cash flows)是没有受到通货膨胀影响的现金流量,而名义现⾦流 (或货币现金
流)(nominal cash flows)包括通货膨胀。投资者要求的回报率是补偿他们从事活动的⻛险以及
无法将投资的资金⽤于其他目的的回报率。随着通货膨胀侵蚀货币的购买⼒,投资者需要补偿,
从⽽提⾼他们所需的投资回报率。
▪ 包含实际利率加上通货膨胀的贴现率是“名义”(或“货币”)回报率:
➢ (1 + 名义收益率) = (1 + 实际回报率) × (1 + 通货膨胀率)
➢ (1 + n) = (1 + r) × (1 + i)
▪ 用于贴现项⽬现⾦流量(资本成本)的⽐率取决于现⾦流量是以实际值还是名义值表⽰的。
➢ 如果要对实际现金流进行贴现,则应使⽤实际资本成本。
➢ 如果对名义现金流进行贴现,则应使⽤名义资本成本。
➢ 如果现金流中每个项目的通货膨胀率相同,那么两种⽅法都会给出相同的答案。
➢ 当不同的成本和收益受到不同的通货膨胀率影响时,每笔现金流量按适⽤的通货膨胀率单独膨
胀,并应⽤名义折现率对这些现金流量进行折现以计算净现值。When different costs and
benefits are subject to different inflation rates, each cash flow is inflated individually by the applicable
rate of inflation and the nominal discount rate is applied to discount these cash flows to calculate the
NPV.
➢ 当通货膨胀率在项目⽣命周期内发⽣变化时,使⽤与上述相同的技术,唯一的区别是每年的通
货膨胀率和现金流的每个要素可能不同。 When the inflation rate changes during the life of a
project, the same techniques as above are used, the only difference being that inflation rates for each
year and each element of the cash flow may be different.
18 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.6 NPV/IRR 包括通货膨胀
问题:计算新微型相机镜头的制造和销售拟议投资的 NPV 和 IRR。
▪ Jimev Focus Inc. (JFI) 向大型国际智能⼿机和平板电脑制造商销售创新的相机部件。JFI 的管理层正在评估购买新
的激光和其他精密设备,以⽣产⽤于智能⼿机和平板电脑的新型微型相机镜头单元。由于智能⼿机技术不断
变化,预计在下一代版本开发并上市之前,这款相机镜头将有四年的可行市场。
▪ 新的激光和其他精密设备将需要 100 万美元的投资,使⽤寿命为 4 年,之后的报废价值为 10 万美元。
▪ 如果未来现金流不包含对通货膨胀的估计,JFI 使⽤ 6% 的“实际”加权平均资本成本对所有项目进行财务评估。
▪ JFI 估计每个相机镜头的可变成本为 12 美元,售价为 20 美元,而增加的固定成本预计为每年 50,000 美元。
▪ 微型相机镜头的⽣产和销售预计如下。
年 1 2 3 4
产销量(台) 37,000 55,000 81,000 26,000
▪ JFI 的交易利润按 25% 的税率缴纳公司税,并已拖⽋一年。购买任何设备的“税收折旧”可以减少公司税的责任
,JFI 可以在拟议投资的四年期限内按直线法要求。在最后一年,需要在第 4 年末进行平衡调整,届时预计激
光和其他精密设备将以 10 万美元报废。
▪ 新信息:当未来现⾦流确实包含通货膨胀估计时,11% 的“名义”加权平均资本成本⽤于对所有项目进行财务评
估。销售价格通胀预计为每年 3%,可变成本通胀预计为每年 5%。固定成本通胀预计仅为 1%。
▪ When the future cash flows do contain inflation estimates, a 'nominal' weighted average cost of capital of 11% is used
to financially appraise all projects. Selling price inflation is expected to be 3% per year and variable cost inflation is
expected to be 5% per year. Fixed cost inflation is expected to be only 1%.
19 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.6 NPV/IRR 包括通货膨胀
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 计算
产销量(台) 37,000 37,000 55,000 81,000 26,000
销售单价@通膨3% 20.00 20.60 21.22 21.85 22.51
可变成本单价@5% 12.00 12.60 13.23 13.89 14.59
固定成本单价@1% 50.00 50.50 51.01 51.52 52.03
销售 762.20 1,166.99 1,770.22 585.26 37x (20 x1.03) = 762.2; 55 x (20.6 x 1.03) = 1,166.99
可变成本 (466.20) (727.65) (1,125,21) (379.24) 37 x 12.6 = 466.2
固定成本 (50.50) (51.01) (51.52) (52.03)
应税利润 245.5 388.3 593.5 154.0
应纳税额 - (61.4) (97.1) (148.4) (38.5) 25% x 154 = 38.5
税后利润 245.5 327.0 496.4 5.6
资本投资 (1,000) 100
税收折旧收益 62.5 62.5 62.5 37.5 以下
净现金流 (1,000) 245.5 389.5 558.9 168.1 (1.0)
WACC@11% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593
贴现现金 (1,000) 221.2 316.1 408.7 110.7 (0.6)
NPV 56.1
年$’000 1 2 3 4 5 计算
设备(开始估值) 1,000 750 500 250
报废价 (100)
税收折旧Tax depreciation (250) (250) (250) 1,000 /4 = 250. Y4, equipment scrapped for $100
平衡调整Balancing adj. (150) Only $150 is available as allowance.
设备(最终估值) 750 500 250
应收税收折旧优惠@25% 62.5 62.5 62.5 37.5 (Y1 paid in Y2) 25% x 250 = 62.5; (Y4 paid in Y5) 25% x 150 = 37.5
Total tax depreciation benefit = (1,000-100) x 25% = 225
20 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.6 NPV/IRR 包括通货膨胀
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5
净现金流 (1,000) 245.5 389.5 558.9 168.1 (1.0)
WACC@11% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593
贴现现金 (1,000) 221.2 316.1 408.7 110.7 (0.6)
NPV 56.1
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5
净现金流 (1,000) 245.5 389.5 558.9 168.1 (1.0)
WACC@15% 1 0.870 0.756 0.658 0.572 0.497
贴现现金 (1,000) 213.5 294.5 367.5 96.1 (0.5)
NPV (28.9)
IRR = 11% + (15% – 11%) x [56.1/(56.1 + 28.9)] = 13.6%
21 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.7 营运资金
▪ 该营运资金的增加会减少相关期间的净现金流量。相关现金流量是从一年的需求到下一年的增量现金流量。
▪ 假设营运资⾦在项⽬结束时收回。
问题:计算新微型相机镜头的制造和销售拟议投资的 NPV 和 IRR。
▪ Jimev Focus Inc. (JFI) 向大型国际智能⼿机和平板电脑制造商销售创新的相机部件。JFI 的管理层正在评估购买新
的激光和其他精密设备,以⽣产⽤于智能⼿机和平板电脑的新型微型相机镜头单元。由于智能⼿机技术不断
变化,预计在下一代版本开发并上市之前,这款相机镜头将有四年的可行市场。
▪ 新的激光和其他精密设备将需要 100 万美元的投资,使⽤寿命为 4 年,之后的报废价值为 10 万美元。
▪ 如果未来现金流不包含对通货膨胀的估计,JFI 使⽤ 6% 的“实际”加权平均资本成本对所有项目进行财务评估。
▪ JFI 估计每个相机镜头的可变成本为 12 美元,售价为 20 美元,而增加的固定成本预计为每年 50,000 美元。
▪ 微型相机镜头的⽣产和销售预计如下。
年 1 2 3 4
产销量(台) 37,000 55,000 81,000 26,000
▪ JFI 的交易利润按 25% 的税率缴纳公司税,并已拖⽋一年。购买任何设备的“税收折旧”可以减少公司税的责任
,JFI 可以在拟议投资的四年期限内按直线法要求。在最后一年,需要在第 4 年末进行平衡调整,届时预计激
光和其他精密设备将以 10 万美元报废。
▪ 当未来现金流确实包含通货膨胀估计时,11% 的“名义”加权平均资本成本⽤于对所有项目进行财务评估。销售
价格通胀预计为每年 3%,可变成本通胀预计为每年 5%。固定成本通胀预计仅为 1%。
▪ 新信息:⽣产和销售新型微型相机镜头将需要增加对营运资金的投资。对 JFI 内营运资金历史⽔平的分析表明
,在每年年初,营运资⾦投资将需要占当年收⼊的 9%。
▪ Producing and selling the new miniature camera lens will necessitate increased investment in working capital.
Analysis of historical levels of working capital within JFI indicates that, at the start of each year, investment in working
capital will require to be 9% of revenue for that year.
22 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR 包括营运资金
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 计算
销售 762.20 1,166.99 1,770.22 585.26 37x (20 x1.03) = 762.2; 55 x (20.6 x 1.03) = 1,166.99
可变成本 (466.20) (727.65) (1,125,21) (379.24) 37 x 12.6 = 466.2
固定成本 (50.50) (51.01) (51.52) (52.03)
应税利润 245.5 388.3 593.5 154.0
应纳税额 - (61.4) (97.1) (148.4) (38.5) 25% x 154 = 38.5
税后利润 245.5 327.0 496.4 5.6
资本投资 (1,000) 100
税收折旧收益 62.5 62.5 62.5 37.5
运营资⾦投资@9% (68.6) (36.4) (54.3) 106.6 52.7 以下
净现金流 (1,068.6) 209.1 335.2 665.6 220.8 (1.0)
WACC@11% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593
贴现现金 (1,068.6) 188.4 272.0 486.6 145.4 (0.6)
NPV 23.3
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 计算
销售 762.20 1,166.99 1,770.22 585.26
运营资金需求 (68.60) (105.03) (159.32) (52.67) 9% x762.2=68.6; 9% x 1166.99 = 105.03
(隔年)
运营资⾦投资 (68.60) (36.43) (54.29) 106.55 52.67 105.03 – 68.60 = 36.43; 159.32 – 105.03 = 54.29
52.67 – 159.32 = (106.55)
-68.6 -36.43 -54.29 + 106.55 + 52.67 = 0
23 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR 包括营运资金
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5
净现金流 (1,068.6) 209.1 335.2 665.6 220.8 (1.0)
WACC@11% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593
贴现现金 (1,068.6) 188.4 272.0 486.6 145.4 (0.6)
NPV 23.3
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5
净现金流 (1,068.6) 209.1 335.2 665.6 220.8 (1.0)
WACC@12% 1 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567
贴现现金 (1,068.6) 186.7 267.2 473.6 140.3 (0.6)
NPV (1.3)
IRR = 11% + (12% – 11%) x [23.3/(23.3 + 1.3)] = 11.9%
24 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
问题:准备适当的NPV 分析以评估两种选择(更换机器和外包两种产品的制造),并根据您的定量评估向TTP 的董事提出建议。
▪ Tijuana Turbo Parts S de RL (TTP) 总部位于墨西哥,为汽⻋行业⽣产电⼦元件。这些组件中的大多数都是大批量⽣产的,设备每
天24 ⼩时运行。然而,该公司还有一个定制⼯程部⻔,可以⽣产⼩批量订单以满⾜专业客⼾的要求。定制⼯程部⻔的一台关
键机器人机器(四年前以$3,085,000 购买)即将更换,管理层正在考虑是否更换机器或使⽤分包商来满⾜需求。保留当前的机
器人机器不是一种选择,因为它的使⽤涉及某些过程,这些过程将从今年年底开始被政府环境法规禁⽌。在本财政年度开始时
,这台机器在五年内直线折旧,剩余账⾯价值(remaining book value)为$617,000,到年底将降⾄零。该机器专⻔⽤于制造“
增压器”和“限制器”。上述所有固定成本都与助推器和限制器的制造特别相关,包括现有机器人机械的折旧。
▪ 从公司的会计记录中,可以得到当前财政年度的以下信息。
助推器 限制器
Booster Limiter
收⼊ 4,936,000 5,553,000
可变成本 (2,517,360) (2,961,000)
固定成本 (1,604,200) (1,851,000)
利润 814,440 740,400
1) 销售经理预计这种销售⽔平(和成本)将在未来五年(新的计算机控制的替换机器的预期寿命)持续。
2) 新计算机控制机器的购买和安装成本为$750 万,预计在其使⽤寿命结束时残值为零。公司政策是对所有机器进行折旧五年内
以直线法计算。新的计算机控制机器将需要每年花费$246,800 的年度维护合同。
3) 在新的计算机控制机器中引⼊新技术将每年节省$222,120(⽤于助推器)和$148,080 (⽤于限制器)的其他可变成本。运营
经理想要继续购买新机器。他计算得出,即使考虑到额外的折旧费⽤,这项投资也将为$750万的投资提供⾜够的回报,远高
于TTP 10% 的加权平均资本成本。
4) 采购经理观点不同。他一直在与另一家愿意制造和分销助推器和限制器的公司达成协议。分包商已同意向TTP ⽀付$625,000
的⼀次性预付费用,外加助推器销售收⼊的5% 和限制器销售收⼊的2% 的特许权使用费。在不涉及其他成本的情况下,采购
经理的观点是,该提案将释放$500 万的潜在资本⽀出,⽤于TTP 活动的其他领域。
5) 运营经理不同意采购经理的分析。目前使⽤的空间不适合任何其他⽤途,定制⼯程部⻔⽤于培训新员⼯,然后再转移到大容
量设备上⼯作。
25 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
新型电脑控制机器-更换
年 设备 $’000 维修 利润 额外节省成本 净现⾦流 WACC@10% 现值 PV
0 (7,500,000) (7,500,000) 1 (7,500,000)
222,120 + 148,080
1 (246,800) 2,171,840 370,200 2,295,240 0.909 2,086,373
2 (246,800) 2,171,840 370,200 2,295,240 0.826 1,895,868
3 (246,800) 2,171,840 370,200 2,295,240 0.751 1,723,725
4 (246,800) 2,171,840 370,200 2,295,240 0.683 1,567,649
5 (246,800) 2,171,840 370,200 2,295,240 0.621 1,425,344
NPV 1,198,959
$
净利润:Booster 814,440
净利润:Limiter 740,400
避免折旧 617,000 剩余账⾯价值 remaining BV
2,171,840
26 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
分包商
年 设备 $’000 版税 B 版税 L 净现⾦流 WACC@10% 现值 PV
0 625,000 625,000 1 625,000
5% x 4,936K 2% x 5,553K
1 246,800 111,060 357,860 0.909 325,295
2 246,800 111,060 357,860 0.826 295,592
3 246,800 111,060 357,860 0.751 268,753
4 246,800 111,060 357,860 0.683 244,418
5 246,800 111,060 357,860 0.621 222,231
NPV 1,981,289
$ $
Booster 4,936,000 5% 246,800
Limiter 5,553,000 2% 111,060
建议:根据上述评估,TTP 使用分包商选项将是有益的,因为它产⽣的 NPV ⾼于机器更换选项。
27 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
问题:购买新的熏⻥器的净现值和内部收益(IRR)是多少(最接近的 1,000 英镑)?
1) OctoSmoke Ltd (OSL) 计划投资一台熏⻥机,以满⾜对其烟熏鱿⻥这一新美⻝的预期需求。大多数形式的熏⻥的
产品⽣命周期约为四年,然后才开始流行起来,销量开始下降。这款熏⻥器将耗资 300,000 英镑,持续四年,最
终以 6,000 英镑的价格出售。OSL 在资产的经济寿命内以余额递减的⽅式收取折旧费。
2) 在接下来的四年中,OSL 预计对其熏鱿⻥的需求将是:
▪ 第一年:32,000
▪ 第⼆年:41,000
▪ 第3 年:55,000
▪ 第 4 年:22,000
3) 单包熏鱿⻥的售价预计为 10 英镑,每包原料的可变成本为 5.75 英镑。预计每年增加 30,000 英镑的固定⻝品⽣
产间接费用。售价及成本以现行价格列⽰。
4) 预计销售价格和成本将增加如下。
▪ 单包熏鱿⻥的售价:每年 3%
▪ 原料可变成本:每年 5%
▪ 固定⻝品⽣产费⽤:每年 6%
5) OSL 的实际加权平均资本成本(real weighted average cost of capital)为 5.7%,预计总体通货膨胀率为每年 5%
。OSL 须按 30% 的税率缴纳企业利得税,并拖⽋⼀年。公司可以在所有资本投资的 25% 减少余额的基础上申请资
本减免。The company can claim capital allowances on a 25% reducing-balance basis on all capital investment.
28 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
年£’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 计算
产销量(‘000) 32 41 55 22
销售单价@通膨3% 10 10.30 10.61 10.93 11.26
可变成本单价@5% 5.75 6.04 6.34 6.66 6.99
销售 329.60 434.97 601 247.61 32 x 10.3 = 329.6
可变成本 (193.20) (259.91) (366.1) (153.76) 32 x 6.04 = 193.2
固定成本@6% (31.80) (33.61) (35.73) (37.87)
应税利润 104.6 141.4 199.2 55.9
应纳税额@30% - (31.4) (42.4) (59.8) (16.8) 30% x 104.6 = 31.4
税后利润 245.5 327.0 496.4 (3.9) (16.8)
资本投资 (300) 6
税收折旧收益 22.5 16.9 12.7 36.1 以下
净现金流 (300) 104.6 132.5 173.7 14.8 19.3
WACC@11% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593 n = (1+r) x (1+i) -1 = (1+5.7%)x(1+5%)–1=11%
贴现现金 (300) 94.2 107.6 127.0 9.8 11.4
NPV 50
年$’000 1 2 3 4 5 计算
设备(开始估值) 300 225 168.7 126.5
报废价 (6)
税收折旧Tax depreciation (75) (56.3) (42.2) 25% x 300 = 225. 25% x 225 = 56.3. 25% x 168.7 = 42.2
平衡调整Balancing adj. (120.5) Only $120.5 is available as allowance.
设备(最终估值) 225 168.7 126.5 0
应收税收折旧优惠@30% 22.5 16.9 12.7 36.1 (Y1 paid in Y2) 30% x 75 = 22.5; (Y4 paid in Y5) 30% x 120.5 = 37.5
Total tax depreciation benefit = (300-6) x 30% = 88.2
29 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5
净现金流 (300) 104.6 132.5 173.7 14.8 19.3
WACC@11% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593
贴现现金 (300) 94.2 107.6 127.0 9.8 11.4
NPV 50
年$’000 0 1 2 3 4 5
净现金流 (300) 104.6 132.5 173.7 14.8 19.3
WACC@20% 1 0.833 0.694 0.579 0.482 0.402
贴现现金 (300) 87.1 92 100.5 7.2 7.8
NPV (5.4)
IRR = 11% + (20% – 11%) x [50/(50 + 5.4)] = 19.1%
30 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
问题:每个项⽬的 NPV 和折现回收期(discounted payback period)是多少?根据 NPV 和贴现回报计算,评估每个
项⽬的相对吸引⼒,并决定公司应该投资哪个项⽬。
尤西比奥企业 Eusebio Enterprises Lda (EEL) 目前正在考虑两个相互排斥的投资⽅案,这两个⽅案都满⾜了公司扩大⽣
产能⼒以满⾜不断增长的市场需求的目标。该公司的管理会计师收集了有关项目的以下数据,其中一个可能位于⾥
斯本,另一个可能位于波尔图。
1) 每年 20,000 欧元的现有总部成本将分配给每个项目。
2) 公司按25%的税率就会计折旧前的利润缴纳企业所得税,⼀年后缴纳。
3) 在两项投资的五年预期寿命结束时,营运资⾦将返还并⽤于其他项目。
4) 葡萄⽛政府对在葡萄⽛的任何投资项目所产⽣的企业税前利润的 20% 征收一次性特别环保税,在第 6 年⽀付,
并根据项目的年度利润总额,不计任何折旧。
5) 公司对任何投资项目的要求回报率为每年15%。
6) 公司在任何项目上的目标最低贴现回收期为四年。
€’000 Lisbon Oporto
初始投资 300 330
运营投资 50 70
预计收⼊:
第1年 700 630
第2年 750 570
第3年 830 600
第4年 1,200 650
第5年 700 470
预计成本:
年度增量运营成本:固定 225 140
年度增量运营成本:可变 45% 35%
31 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
Lisbon, 年€’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 计算
收⼊ 700 750 830 1,200 700
可变成本 (315) (338) (374) (540) (315) 45% x 700 = 315
固定成本 (225) (225) (225) (225) (225)
应税利润 160 187 231 435 160 160 + 187 + 231 + 435 + 160 = 1,173
应纳税额@20% - (40) (47) (58) (109) (40) 25% x 160 = 40
政府环保税 (235) 20% x 1,173 = 235
税后利润 160 147 184 377 51 (275)
资本投资 (300)
运营资本 (50) 50
净现⾦流 (350) 160 147 184 377 101 (275)
WACC@15% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593 0.593
贴现现金 (350) 139 111 121 216 50 (119)
NPV 168
32 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and2 I0n%ve sxtm 1e,1nt7 A3ppraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
Oporto, 年€’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 计算
收⼊ 630 570 600 650 470
可变成本 (220) (200) (210) (227) (165) 35% x 630 = 220.5
固定成本 (140) (140) (140) (140) (140)
应税利润 270 230 250 283 165 270 + 230 + 250 + 283 + 165 = 1,198
应纳税额@20% - (67) (58) (63) (71) (41) 25% x 270 = 67
政府环保税 (240) 20% x 1,198 = 240
税后利润 270 163 192 220 94 (281)
资本投资 (330)
运营资本 (70) 70
净现⾦流 (400) 270 163 192 220 164 (281)
WACC@15% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593 0.593
贴现现金 (400) 235 123 126 126 82 (121)
NPV 171
33 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and2 I0n%ve sxtm 1e,1nt7 A3ppraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
2.8 NPV/IRR
Lisbon, 年€’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
贴现现金 (350) 139 111 121 216 50 (119)
累计贴现现金 (350) (211) (100) 21 237 287 168
Oporto, 年 €’000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
贴现现金 (400) 235 123 126 126 82 (121)
累计贴现现金 (400) (165) (42) 84 210 292 171
1) Lisbon :在第 2 年实现投资回报 + 100/121 = 2.83年
2) Oporto:在第 2 年实现投资回报 + 42/ 126 = 2.33年
问题:根据 NPV 和贴现回报计算,评估每个项⽬的相对吸引⼒,并决定公司应该投资哪个项⽬。
解答:
这两个项⽬产⽣的净现值⼤致相同。在折现回收评估的基础上,Oporto 项⽬更具吸引⼒,因为它的回收期更短。
这两个项⽬都满⾜了公司的四年贴现回报⽬标。两者都具有正的净现值,并且都达到了公司四年贴现回报⽬标,
因此两者在财务上都是可以接受的。关于选择哪个项⽬管理⼈员的决定将取决于质量因素和公司战略。The
decision as to which project management selects will be dependent on qualitative factors and corporate strategy.
34 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and2 I0n%ve sxtm 1e,1nt7 A3ppraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.0 ⻛险和不确定性
3.1 了解⻛险和不确定性的重要性
▪ “⻛险”一词适⽤于具有多种可能结果的情况。根据过去的相关经验,可以将概率分配给各种结果
。 “不确定性”一词适⽤于具有多种可能结果但过去⼏乎没有相关经验来预测结果概率的情况。
⻛险 不确定
⼏种可能的结果 ⼏种可能的结果
根据过去的相关经验,为结果分配 过去的经验很少,因此很难将概率
概率 分配给结果
随着收益的可变性增加而增加 随着项目寿命的增加而增加
▪ 有多种技术可以将⻛险纳⼊项目评估。例如,在有⻛险的情况下,我们可以说一个项目的回报
超过 100 万英镑的概率为 70%,但回报低于 100 万英镑的概率为 30%。但是,如果无法提供有关
项目回报的信息,我们将⾯临不确定的情况。一般来说,⻛险项目是那些未来现金流量以及项
目回报可能会发⽣变化的项目。变异性越⼤,⻛险越⼤。
▪ 由于以下原因,资本投资决策的⻛险问题比其他决策更为严重。
➢ 资本支出的估计可能会提前⼏年,例如重大建设项目。随着⼯作的进展,实际成本可能会远
远超过预算。
➢ 收益估计将在未来⼏年(有时是 10 年、15 年或 20 年,甚至更长),这样的长期估计最多只
能是近似值。
35 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.2 纳入⻛险 Incorporating Risk
▪ “⻛险”一词适⽤于具有多种可能结果的情况。根据过去的相关经验,可以将概率分配给各种结果。 “不确定性
”一词适⽤于具有多种可能结果但过去⼏乎没有相关经验来预测结果概率的情况。
(1) 概率分析和期望值 Probability analysis and expected values
▪ 通常可以估计预期现金流的概率分析,并将其⽤于计算预期 NPV 和衡量⻛险。通常可以估计预期现金流的概率
分布,认识到有⼏种可能的结果,而不仅仅是一种。这可⽤于:
1) 计算 NPV 的期望值
2) 衡量⻛险
➢ 最坏的可能结果及其概率。
➢ 项目无法实现正 NPV 的概率。
➢ NPV 的标准差。
▪ 使⽤期望值来做出投资决策存在以下问题:
➢ 一项投资可能是⼀次性的,“预期的”NPV 可能永远不会真正发⽣。
➢ 为事件分配概率是非常主观的。
➢ 预期值不能够评估可能 NPV 结果的范围。Expected values do not evaluate the range of possible NPV outcomes.
(2) 模拟 Simulation
▪ 模拟将克服与以下相关的问题:
➢ 大量可能的结果。A large number of possible outcomes.
➢ 现金流的相关性(早期成功的项目在后期更可能成功)。The correlation of cash flows (a project that is
successful in its early years is more likely to be successful in its later years).
▪ 可以通过为每个不确定变量的每个可能值分配一系列随机数来构建模拟模型。随机数必须与它们各自的概率完
全匹配。将随机数字分配给现金流量,以便在随机选择数字时,现金流量的被选择概率与它们各自的概率分布
中所⽰的完全相同。例如,随机数将由计算机程序⽣成,这些随机数将⽤于为每个不确定变量分配值。
▪ 计算机将使⽤以这种⽅式建立的值和更多随机数多次计算 NPV,并分析结果以提供以下信息。
➢ 项目的预期 NPV。
➢ NPV 高于或低于该平均值的可能变化的统计分布模式。
▪ 然后将根据预期回报和⻛险来决定是否继续进行该项目。
36 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.2 纳入⻛险 Incorporating Risk
(3) 调整后的回报 Adjusted payback
▪ 投资回报法通过关注近期的未来来识别投资决策中的不确定性。 The payback method of investment appraisal
recognizes uncertainty in investment decisions by focusing on the near future.
▪ 短期项目优先于长期项目,并强调流动性。调整后的回收期使⽤贴现现金流而不是⾮贴现回收期,因此得到的
回收期比使⽤⾮贴现现金流的要长。
▪ 处理⻛险的一种⽅法是缩短所需的投资回收期。可以设置最大投资回收期以反映⻛险增加的事实,考虑的时间
段越长。然而,回报作为投资评估⽅法的缺点意味着调整后的回报不能被推荐为调整⻛险的好⽅法。One way
of dealing with risk is to shorten the payback period required. A maximum payback period can be set to reflect the fact
that risk increases the longer the time period under consideration. However, the disadvantages of payback as an
investment appraisal method mean that adjusted payback cannot be recommended as a good method of adjusting for
risk.
(4) ⻛险调整贴现率 Risk-adjusted discount rates
▪ 投资者希望高⻛险投资获得更高回报。与未来收益相关的⻛险越⼤,所需的⻛险溢价就越⼤。投资者也更喜欢
现在而不是以后的现金,并且需要在更长的时间内获得更高的回报。
▪ 在投资评估中,⻛险调整后的折现率可⽤于投资项目的特定⻛险类别,以反映其相对⻛险。例如,可以使⽤高
贴现率,以便未来某个时间出现的现金流对决策的影响较⼩。或者,随着新产品的推出,可以使⽤较高的初始
⻛险溢价,并随着产品的成熟而降低贴现率。In investment appraisal, a risk-adjusted discount rate can be used for
particular risk classes of investment projects to reflect their relative risks. For example, a high discount rate can be
used so that a cash flow that occurs some time in the future will have less effect on the decision. Alternatively, with
the launch of a new product, a higher initial risk premium may be used with a decrease in the discount rate as the
product becomes established.
37 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.3 灵敏度 Sensitivity
▪ 敏感性分析评估项目的 NPV 对⽤于计算 NPV 的变量变化的响应程度。敏感性分析的一种特殊⽅
法是确定性等价法(certainty equivalent approach),涉及将项目的预期现金流量转换为无⻛险
等值金额(conversion of the expected cash flows of the project to riskless equivalent amounts)。敏
感性分析是一种分析资本支出项目⻛险的⽅法,可以评估项目的 NPV 对⽤于计算 NPV 的变量变
化的反应程度。
▪ NPV 可能取决于许多不确定的自变量。
➢ 售价
➢ 销售量
➢ 资本成本
➢ 初始投资成本
➢ 运营成本
➢ 好处
▪ 敏感性分析的基本⽅法是在替代假设(alternative assumption)下计算项目的 NPV,以确定它对
变化条件的敏感程度。因此,提供了对 NPV 最敏感的变量(关键变量 critical variables)以及在
投资导致 NPV 为负之前这些变量可能变化的程度的指⽰。敏感性分析提供了项目可能失败的原
因的指⽰。管理层应审查关键变量,以评估是否极有可能发⽣导致负 NPV 的事件。一旦决定接
受投资,管理层还应特别注意控制那些对 NPV 特别敏感的变量。
38 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.4 ⻛险和期望值 Risk and expected values
问题:计算项⽬的预期 NPV 和IRR。
▪ 费尔⻉恩解决⽅案公司Fairbairn Solutions BV (FSBV) 是一家总部位于慕尼⿊的企业,其董事正在考虑一项针对新
产品(代号为“Ardnas”)的⼀次性潜在制造投资项目,预计使⽤寿命为四年。所需的初始资本设备投资为 550
万欧元,预计在四年结束时设备的报废价值为 50 万欧元。Ardnas 可以收取多少价格存在很大的不确定性,因
为这将取决于潜在客⼾的可支配收⼊。通过⼴泛的市场和经济研究,产⽣了以下数据:
➢ 可支配收⼊较低的概率:33%
➢ 可支配收⼊相同的概率:55%
➢ 可支配收⼊较高的概率:12%
➢ 如果可支配收⼊较低,Ardnas 第 1 年的预期售价:20 欧元
➢ 如果可支配收⼊相同,Ardnas 第 1 年的预期售价:24 欧元
➢ 如果可支配收⼊较高,Ardnas 第 1 年的预期售价:28 欧元
▪ 由于总体经济前景,预计这些售价将受到从第 2 年开始每年 4% 的年通货膨胀率的影响。
▪ FSBV 不打算持有任何库存。
▪
单位(’000) 第1年 第2年 第3年 第4年
销售和⽣产 280 370 500 80
▪ 第1 年每个 Ardnas 的可变成本估计为 15 欧元。然而,由于即将征收的政府⽤电量税,预计该成本将急剧上升
。⽣产严重依赖电⼒,对可变成本的最佳估计是以每年 10% 的速度增⻓。
▪ 第⼀年将产⽣ 300,000 欧元的增量管理费用,此后每年增加 2%。
▪ 初始投资将在四年的项目⽣命周期内按直线法计提可征税折旧。FSBV 须按其年度利润的 22% 缴纳公司税,并
拖⽋⼀年。
▪ FSBV 的名义税后贴现率为 11%。
39 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.4 ⻛险和期望值 Risk and expected values
单位(€‘000) 第0年 第1年 第2年 第3年 第4年 第5年 计算
销售和⽣产 280 370 500 80
销售价(通膨@4%) 23.16 24.09 25.05 26.05 33% x20+55%x24+12%x 28 = 23.16; 23.16 x 1.04 = 24.09
可变成本(通膨@10%) 15 16.5 18.15 19.97
销售 6,484.8 8,913.3 12,525 2,084
可变成本 (4,200) (6,105) (9,075) (1,597.6) 15 x 280 = 4,200
固定成本(通膨@2%) (300) (306) (312.1) (318.3)
应税利润 1,984.8 2,502.3 3,137.9 168.1
应交企业税@22% (436.7) (550.2) (690.3) (37.1)
税后利润 1,984.8 2065.6 2,587.7 (522.2) (37.1)
资本:
设备投资 (5,500) 500
税收折旧利益 302.5 302.5 302.5 192.5 以下
净现⾦流量 (5,500) 1,984.8 2,369.1 2,890.2 280.3 155.4
WACC@11% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593
现值 (5,500) 1,788.3 1,922.9 2,112.7 184.7 92.2
预期净现值 600.8
单位(€‘000) 第1年 第2年 第3年 第4年 第5年 计算
设备价值(初始) 5,500 4,125 2,750 1,375 -
报废价值 - - - (500) -
税收折旧Tax dep (1,375) (1,375) (1,375) - 5,500/4=1,375
平衡调整Bal adj - - - (875) -
设备价值(末) 4,125 2,750 1,375 - -
税收折旧收益@22%一年后应收 302.5 302.5 302.5 192.5 22% x1,375=302.5; 302.5 + 302.5 + 302.5 + 192.5 = 1,100
(5,500 – 500) x 22% = 1,100
3.4 ⻛险和期望值 Risk and expected values
单位(€‘000) 第0年 第1年 第2年 第3年 第4年 第5年
净现⾦流量 (5,500) 1,984.8 2,369.1 2,890.2 280.3 155.4
WACC@11% 1 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659 0.593
现值 (5,500) 1,788.3 1,922.9 2,112.7 184.7 92.2
预期净现值 600.8
单位(€‘000) 第0年 第1年 第2年 第3年 第4年 第5年
净现⾦流量 (5,500) 1,984.8 2,369.1 2,890.2 280.3 155.4
WACC@17% 1 0.855 0.731 0.624 0.534 0.456
现值 (5,500) 1,697 1,731.1 1,803.5 149.7 70.9
预期净现值 (47.8)
IRR = 11% + (17% – 11%) x [600.8/(600.8 + 47.8)] = 16.6%
41 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.4 ⻛险和期望值 Risk and expected values
问题:评论项⽬的财务可接受性。
解答:
▪ 该投资项目的预期 NPV 为 600,800 欧元,预期内部收益率为 16.6%。这是一个平均或平均 NPV,这是项目重复
多次所预期的。 This is a mean or average NPV, which is expected from the project being repeated many times.
▪ 然而,由于该项目是一次性的,与每个未来可支配收⼊估计相关的 NPV 必须按如下所⽰计算,因为它是预期会
发⽣的这些 NPV 之一。 此电⼦表格显⽰如何导出下⾯计算的 NPV。如果⽤每个产品单位售价 20 美元、24 美元
和28 美元,计算出每个售价的 NPV(以下)。However, as the project is a one-off, the NPVs associated with each
future estimate of disposable income must be calculated as shown below, as it is one of these NPVs which is expected
to occur.
近似净现值 可能性
如果售价€ = 20 (1,981.1) 33%
如果售价€ = 24 1,290 55%
如果售价€ = 28 4,561 12%
▪ 管理层对项目的财务可接受性的决定将基于这些 NPV 和与每个 NPV 相关的⻛险。 The decision by management
on the financial acceptability of the project will be based on these NPVs and the risk associated with each one.
42 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.4 ⻛险和期望值 Risk and expected values
问题:敏感性分析是否有助于FSBV 评估投资项⽬的⻛险?
解答:
▪ 敏感性分析评估投资项目的NPV 对项目变量变化的反应程度。常⽤的⽅法有两种:
1) 项目变量的多少百分比变化会导致NPV 为负?
2) 每个项目变量的固定百分比变化依次导致NPV 的百分比变化是多少?
▪ 无论使⽤哪种⽅法,关键或关键项目变量都被确定为NPV 最敏感的变量(最⼩百分比变化导致负NPV 的变量)。敏感
性分析检查项目变量的相对变化的影响。
▪ 与不确定性不同,⻛险可以量化和衡量。可以评估特定未来结果发⽣的概率,并⽤于评估未来现金流的波动性。FSBV 项
目评估中可支配收⼊未来变化的概率可导致对项目⻛险的评估。
▪ 在投资评估中进行敏感性分析,以了解如何将⻛险纳⼊流程。虽然敏感性分析可以指出投资项目的关键变量,但它并不
能说明任何关键变量发⽣变化的可能性。
▪ 例如,售价可能是一个关键变量,但敏感性分析无法确定售价是否可能发⽣变化。在对FSBV投资项目的评估中,不同售
价与相关可支配收⼊预期产⽣的概率来自概率分析,而⾮敏感性分析。
▪ 因此,敏感性分析不会直接帮助FSBV 的董事评估项目的⻛险。然而,它确实提供了有⽤的信息,以帮助董事更好地了
解他们提出的项目,并将他们的注意⼒集中在项目的潜在问题⽅⾯。
▪ Sensitivity analysis assesses the extent to which the NPV of an investment project responds to changes in project variables. Two methods are
commonly used:
1) What percentage change in a project variable results in a negative NPV?
2) What percentage change in NPV results from a fixed percentage change in each project variable in turn?
▪ Whichever method is used, the key or critical project variables are identified as those to which the NPV is most sensitive (those where the
smallest percentage change results in a negative NPV). Sensitivity analysis examines the impact of relative changes in project variables.
▪ Unlike uncertainty, risk can be quantified and measured. The probabilities of the occurrence of particular future outcomes can be assessed
and used to evaluate the volatility of future cash flows. The probabilities of the future change in disposable incomes in the assessment of the
FSBV project can lead to an assessment of project risk. Sensitivity analysis is performed in investment appraisal in relation to understanding
how risk can be incorporated into the process. While sensitivity analysis can indicate the critical variables of an investment project, it does
not give any indication of the probability of a change in any critical variable.
▪ Selling price, for example, may be a critical variable, but sensitivity analysis cannot determine whether a change in selling price is likely to
occur. In the appraisal of FSBV’s investment project, the probabilities of different selling prices arising with related disposable income
expectations have come from probability analysis, not from sensitivity analysis.
▪ Sensitivity analysis will not therefore directly assist the directors of FSBV to assess the risk of the project. It does, however, provide useful
information to assist the directors to gain a better understanding of their proposed project and which focuses their attention on potential
problematic aspects of the project.
43 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.5 ⻛险和敏感性分析
问题:项⽬的 NPV 是多少?仅基于此 NPV,您会建议接受该项⽬吗?
▪ 瑞典隐形眼镜制造商费鲁斯蒂格 Lustig AB 正在考虑是否对新的激光设备进行资本投资,以提高⽣产效率。已编
制以下现金流量估计。新的激光设备需要$100m(残值:$0)。第 1 年开始时还需要 4000 万的营运资⾦投资
,并在第 6 年末收回。该公司的加权平均资本成本为 15%。增量收⼊和成本如下。
年 收⼊$’000 可变成本$’000 固定成本$’000
1 90,000 36,000 20,000
2 100,000 40,000 30,000
3 125,000 50,000 40,000
4 150,000 60,000 40,000
5 150,000 60,000 40,000
6 125,000 50,000 30,000
年 设备$’000 运营资本 现⾦利润 净现⾦流 WACC@15% 现值PV
0 (100,000) (40,000) (140,000) 1 (140,000)
1 34,000 34,000 0.870 29,580
2 30,000 30,000 0.756 22,680
3 35,000 35,000 0.658 23,030
4 50,000 50,000 0.572 28,600
5 50,000 50,000 0.497 24,850
6 40,000 45,000 85,000 0.432 36,720
NPV 25,640
解答:仅在 NPV 的基础上,应该进⾏。
44 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.5 ⻛险和敏感性分析
问题:
现金流量估计是不确定的,上⾯显⽰的数字是“最佳估计”。一次考虑每个收⼊或成本项目,在项目不再有价值之前,
以下估计必须改变多少?
▪ 收⼊
▪ 可变成本
▪ 固定成本
▪ 总成本
▪ 营运资金投资
▪ 资本设备投资
年 WACC@15% 设备$’000 运营资本 收⼊ 可变成本 固定成本 计算
0 1 (100,000) (40,000)
1 0.870 78,300 (31,320) (17,400) 90,000x0.87=78,300
2 0.756 75,600 (30,240) (22,680)
3 0.658 82,250 (32,900) (26,320)
4 0.572 85,800 (34,320) (22,880)
5 0.497 74,550 (29,820) (19,800)
6 0.432 17,280 54,000 (21,600) (12,960)
(100,000) (22,720) 450,500 (180,200) (122,120) NPV = 25,640
投资的 NPV 为$25,460。以上计算说明了每个变量的现值需要改变多少才能使 NPV 下降到 $0。要将 NPV 降低到 $0,
必须发⽣以下任何情况。
▪ 销售收⼊将不得不减少:25,460/450,500 = 比估计低 5.65%。
▪ 可变成本必须增加:25,460/180,200 = 比估计高 14.13%。
▪ 固定成本必须增加:25,460/122,210 = 比估计高 20.84%。
▪ 初始营运资金投资必须增加:25,460/22,720 = 112.06% 高于预期。
▪ 设备成本必须增加:25,460/100,000 = 25.46% 超出估计。
45 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
3.5 ⻛险和敏感性分析
问题:
如果现金流量估计是正确的,除了在承担资本支出和进行营运资金投资,利润是在第 2 年到第 7 年获得的,⽽不是
第1 到第 6 年,该项⽬的 NPV 是多少,该项⽬应该进⾏吗?
解答:如果将第 1 年至第 6 年的现金流量递延一年至第 2 年至第 7 年,则项目的 NPV 将修改如下。
年 $’000 计算
0 (140,000)
2-7 143,878 1/1.15 x 年1-6 PV = 1/1.15 x 165,460 = 143,878
修订后的NPV 3,878
问题:你从你的发现中得出什么结论?
解答:这些发现的结论是,当最佳估计值时,该项目的 NPV 为正现金流量,但可行性对收⼊和运营成本估计的变化
相当敏感,特别是在收⼊仅⼩幅下降(5.65%)会导致净现值为零的情况下。此外,在收到利润不超过一年的情况下
,IRR 也会降低到略高于 15%,因为在 1.4 亿的投资中,净现值仅为 400 万左右。
The conclusions from these findings are that the project has a positive NPV when the best-estimate cash flows are taken,
but that the viability is fairly sensitive to variations in the estimates of revenues and operating costs, particularly where only
a small drop in revenue (5.65%) would result in a zero NPV. In addition, a delay of not much more than one year in receiving
the profits would also reduce the IRR to just above 15%, since the NPV would be around only $3.88m on an investment of
$140m.
46 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
考试准备(电子书)
47 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
“中国魔水” 和 “标王”
“中国魔⽔”之称的健⼒宝,也是李宁⼤股东
标
王
:
⼀
鸣
惊
⼈
?
⼀
鸣
呜
呼
?
山东秦池老板出价
人民币321,211,800元
竞得“王”位。
48 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
Cargill: Commodities King
http://tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:x553A8VX_ESIjM:http://www.kipnotes.com/wwc.jpg
At Cargill, time horizons were measured in decades, and capital requirements in the
hundreds of millions. The payoffs could be glacially slow, but the family kept the faith
and waited out the dry periods, which occurred not just during Cargill’s early years as
it built its storage and transportation infrastructure, but throughout its history as
grain prices and economies grated and wars came and went. Just to complete its
system, Cargill would invest in grain-handling facilities that by themselves produced
notoriously low yields. It could then use these to take advantage of market
opportunities when they arose, often years or even a decade later. The investments http://tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:6VB9MVNoIIjmgM:http://www.mcrsvp.org/images/grantors/Cargill%2520Logo.jpg
it made in the early 1960s reaped great profits, but only in the 1970s with the
explosion in Soviet and Chinese demand. Cargill was the only firm ready with the
capacity to profit from this “first-mover” investment strategy. From 1972 to 1976,
Cargill invested an astounding 110 percent of its record earnings - $775 million – in
capital expenditures to expand and globalize its network and to exploit its processing
knowledge in more stable commodity niches. In fact, the policy is almost cast in
stone at Cargill that profits will be reinvested to keep building the system and so that
the company will not have to take on large debts.
49 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
Tetra Pak: Packaging King
At Tetra Pak, the Rausing family had to support the company during ten years http://tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:asBqgy9PcDVeOM:http://images.forbes.com/media/lists/10/2006/SEAW.jpg
of red ink as they revolutionized packaging. Then, once Tetra became profitable,
they plowed back all their profits back into the business. At a time when after-tax
profit was just over $50m, less than $1m was paid out in dividends to the family:
“we take out only enough each year to pay the Swedish wealth tax.” The same
year, the company laid out $111m in new capital investment. The scale and
constancy of these ventures signal the commitment to discourage imitators and http://tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:Gu5VNLyCwygxcM:http://www.tetrapak.com/media/globalimagebank/abouttetrapak/pressroom/Pictures/tetrapak_logotypes_2col.gif
make it tough for competitors to catch them off-guard.
Innovators have high “hit” rates in commercialization due to their closeness to
customers. At Tetra Pak, customers play a pivotal role in all R&D endeavors. The
benefit is that Tetra Pak makes a captive market for itself by leasing its thousands
of machines, at little profit, to customers that must buy Tetra Pak’s packaging
material – which yields a far higher return. The machines don’t work with any
other material. In exchange for this allegiance, Tetra Pak offers customers a wide
range of marketing and technical support. For one of its customers, Vita Soy,
Tetra Pak took the client’s new products back to a laboratory in Sweden to test
them again and again to ensure continuing quality.
50 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
Simplot: Potato King
Simplot invested in one long-term innovation and contract after another
The only thing I did smart … 99 and just kept building, knowing full well that it would take years to get his
percent of people would have money back.
sold out when they got their
✓ In 1982, he invested in the first electric potato sorter, and travelled the
first $25 or $30 million. I didn’t
countryside to serve farmers.
sell out. I just hung on.
✓ Open warehouse so he could buy and sell potatoes. Before a decade was
- Jack Simplot, the “potato up, he had 33 such warehouses, and was the largest shipper in the West.
king”, when asked about the
key to his success ✓ Having got wind of a process for drying onions, he promptly invested in a
major dehydration plant, which he used to perfect the drying of potatoes.
http://tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:llhFaQ9y4cw8jM:http://crapo.senate.gov/idaho/historical_buildings/images/JackSimplot.jpg It became the biggest such plant in the world after Simplot landed the
http://tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ohAuhlx98uAjCM:http://www.idahojrrodeo.com/images/simplot_shadow2.gif contract to supply the U.S. Army during the WWII
✓ Profits used to buy potato farms, ranches, and lumber mills, so that by
the end of the war, he was growing his own potatoes, processing them
himself, shipping them in boxes from his lumberyard, and feeding the
waste to his cattle.
✓ Invested heavily in frozen food technology, hiring scientists and building
labs and plants to make the first frozen fries. It took about 7 years to
perfect the product and another 13 to land the first large client:
McDonald’s (Ray Kroc’s famous “single handshake”).
51 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
Timken: Bearings King
During the Great Depression, while its rivals and customers cut back and adopted a fetal pose, Timken kept enhancing its
superior competencies in bearings design, metallurgy, and manufacturing. Having hoarded cash and eschewed debt, it saw
the crisis as a great chance to extend its leads. So instead of laying people off, Timken put many of them at research,
developing alloys that years later became the mainstay of jet engine manufacture, and inventing the dominant technology
for seamless tubing. R&D staff busied themselves writing internationally heralded bibles on high-temperature metallurgy
and corrosion, which remain classics after 50 years. Timken outspends its rivals in R&D by a factor of 5 or 6, and building,
during the economic crisis of the 1980s, a steel plant 3x more efficient than the Japanese mills. Given such dedication,
Timken has been a market leader for over 100 years.
In the early 1980s, when steel plants worldwide were closing down due to recession in the long-declining steel industry,
Timken, as usual, ignored the trend. It simply saw an opportunity to become the international quality leader. It invested
$4355 million, half of its market value and two-thirds of its equity, to build the first integrated steelworks in the United
States since WWII. By 1988, the plant was producing at 45 percent above planned capacity and had become the most
efficient in the world: two hours of labor per ingot ton versus the industry’s seven hours. A unique fabrication process
made the steel as close to perfect as possible.
By the mid 1920s, Timken had become too reliant on the automobile companies, Ford in particular; its bearings were being
used in over 80 percent of the motor vehicles produced in the United States. The family could easily have sold out to one of
the car companies and reaped a large fortune. But they wanted to keep the company sound for later generations. So they
began to use their emerging metallurgical and manufacturing skills to make bearings for trains, medical equipment, and
ultimately, spaceships and computers
http://tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:gQPh27dJ6SU_tM:http://www.timken.com/zh-cn/about/PublishingImages/henry_timken_150.jpg
http://tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:1iOjKD6n4cmrZM:http://national.nsbe.org/Portals/0/images/BCA/Timken-web.jpg
52 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
Reichmann’s Olympia & York, Property King
To land the massive contract for the World Financial Center from New York’s Battery Park City Authority (BPCA), the Canadian
Reichmanns went up against New York’s biggest and most politically connected developers – developers who had hone in with
detailed plans and teams of architects. Paul Reichmann went alone and with one sheet of paper.
His thorough study of the agency’s financial situation convinced him that a primary concern of the BPCA was to pay off its debts.
So he proposed to guarantee that his own company would do exactly that. He had calculated that his own company could in fact
meet these obligations comfortably, given BPCA’s ten-year tax abatement on the property. No other developer had the insight that
guaranteeing the debt would land the contract. Nor did they have the foresight or courage to assume the risk.
The Uris package consisted of eight New York City skyscrapers put up for sale by Steve Ross’ National Kinney Company. Paul
quickly determined that the price of $46 million in cash and $300 million in outstanding mortgages would work out to $30 a square
foot – or one-third of replacement cost. Although rents at the buildings were low in the mid-1970s, and the city was in a financial
crisis, Paul figured that O&Y could hold out and service the debt for at least five years, even in a highly unfavorable rental market.
He believed that the market would turn well before that. On September 19, 1877, O&Y signed the purchase contract. Over the next
18 months, the Reichmanns invested another $80 million to improve the properties; as the market recovered, the average rent paid
rose from $7 to $10, and then to $30 square foot in a few years’ time. By 1981, many of the buildings were fetching $60 a foot; and
by the late 1980s, the properties were valued conservatively at $300 a foot.
New York Governor Mario Cuomo heralded this real estate coup as one of the two great deals of New York history – the other
being the purchase by the Dutch of Manhattan Island.
http://tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:_sWzzWH-HHAxhM:http://www.pwc.com/images/ca/eng/promo/about/nbba_199h7tt.pjp:g//tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:q4itX3yUv0nECM:http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/5130DV7F37L._SL500_AA240_.jpg http://tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:NdYDDEwlFoVteM:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/archive/00919/money-graphics-2003_919683a.jpg
53 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
Reichmann’s Olympia & York, Property King
The Reichmanns were ingenious at execution and famous for pioneering new construction techniques for their
major buildings. Its real secret was its immaculately economical constructional techniques.
Virtually all building took place inside the structure. Trucks loaded with materials would drive into the structure, be
lowered by elevator onto a giant turntable, and be pointed to the spot where their cargo was required. Other elevators
lifted people and materials to the floors under construction. Nowhere was there a ladder in sight. It is estimated that
two and a half hours per worker day were saved using such techniques.
Another advantage was that the lower floors could be finished and rented out to tenants while the upper ones were
still being built. All it took was to sign one prestigious tenant, using loss-leader rents, to soon attract others who would
pay more.
54 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024
Reichmann’s Olympia & York, Property King – Bankrupt!
By 1987, O&Y had become the most successful property developer in the world, amassing for the Reichmann family a
fortune estimated at about $10 billion. But Paul Reichmann became reckless as his brother Albert’s role diminished. A
major component of O&Y’s waterloo was Paul’s magnificent obsession: London’s gargantuan Canary Wharf project 金丝
雀码头.
At twenty-four office towers totaling 12 million square feet, it was far grander, more speculative, and more complex
than anything O&Y had previously contemplated. Certainly, Canary’s size was daunting. But so was its proposed
location: the shabby Docklands section, faraway from London’s central business district and with virtually no public
transportation available or promised. This was hardly a venue to attract the elite banking and corporate clients O&Y was
seeking. Indeed, with the flagging market of the time, there were no such clients in sight.
The Reichmanns also broke with their long-standing policy and took the project on “spec”, building first and leasing
later – a very significant risk. They also abandoned their contrarian ways by jumping into a supercharged rental market.
Perhaps most hazardous, O&Y limited itself to short-term financing to get the lowest interest rates. This was a
dangerous tactic given the constant need to refinance – and the difficulty of doing so during periods of negative
cashflow. At the same time, O&Y was pursuing other major development deals across the globe, straining its human and
financial resources to the maximum.
After spending $3.8 billion on Canary’s partial construction, followed by a year of desperate struggle for more credit,
O&Y declared bankruptcy in 1992.
55 财务决策 FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING | 单元7:资本预算和投资评估Topic 7: Capital Budgeting and Investment Appraisal | 纪钧文KEE Koon Boon, May 2024