ES260 – Final Exam Overview Due Date: Exam responses must be submitted by the due date listed on CANVAS. Late submissions will not be accepted. Final Exam Period: During the scheduled exam period we will recap the exam, demonstrating techniques for answering the problems on the exam and discussing the merits and pitfalls of alternative approaches to problem solving. Attendance for this session is mandatory. Instructions: This exam is to be completed on your own, with no outside help from anyone. Do not discuss the content of the exam or your approach to answering questions with fellow students (even if they are not enrolled in the class). You are allowed to use course and / or supplemental material (e.g. readings, lab assignments, the web) to complete your work. Please DO NOT email your professor questions. In order for everyone to benefit from responses to your questions, they must be posted to the Final Exam Discussion Board on the class CANVAS site. There will be time during our remaining lecture periods to ask questions, but your attendance is required to benefit from these Q&A sessions, as the content will not be summarized on CANVAS. I encourage you to read the entire exam document prior to acquiring data or answering questions. Once you have acquired the necessary data assets, you are further encouraged to review all associated metadata and supporting documentation to ensure a complete understanding of the data. Lastly, I recommend that you use the O drive for storing your data and work related to the Final Exam. Some of you have already experienced a full Z drive, so to avoid that potential pitfall, use the O drive instead. Check this video resource if you’re unsure how to access the O drive (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t10QToYUf1o) Academic integrity Q1. I have read Saint Michael’s College student policy on Academic Integrity (https://www.smcvt.edu/offices-and-services/academic-affairs-staff- directory/policy-on-academic-integrity/). Yes No Part 1: Job interview You are applying for a summer internship with the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). At the interview you were asked the following questions about spatial data, where to get it, and how to use it. Q2. What do the following acronyms stand for? 1. NLCD 2. NWI 3. DLG 4. TIGER 5. NHD Q3. What is the name of the web portal that serves as the primary provider of demographic information in the US? 1. The Federal Geodata Census Repository 2. American Census Data Repository 3. Community Census Survey 4. American Factfinder 5. None of the above Q4. GNIS is a USGS database containing: 1. Address ranges 2. Census data 3. Millions of named locations, like churches, airports, schools, and lakes 4. Industrial economic data 5. None of the above Part 2: Statewide impervious subwatershed analysis You have just settled into your new job as a GIS Technician at the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation's (DEC) Water Quality Division. Your boss called you in to a staff meeting to discuss how the state is going to respond to a recent legal settlement regarding the impact(s) that urbanization, specifically impervious surfaces and sprawling development, have on Vermont's aquatic resources. Your boss would like you to summarize the percent imperviousness for each subwatershed and make this information accessible in a Web App. Obtain the data You are to obtain the following datasets from the Vermont Open Geodata Portal: • VT Subwatershed Boundaries – HUC12 (WaterHydro_WBD12VT) • VT Data – State Boundary (BNDHASH) You are to use the following dataset from a national data portal: • NLCD 2016Percent Developed Imperviousness Q5: How many HUC 12 polygons are there? Q6: What does HUC stand for? 1. Homogeneous Unit Code 2. Hydrologic Unit Codes 3. Hydrologic Uniform Capacity 4. Hydrologic Unit Command 5. Hydrologic Unit Cipher 6. Hydro Unit Conversion Q7: What imagery is NLCD primarily derived from? 1. Landsat imagery 2. Quickbird imagery 3. WorldView imagery 4. Interpolation of field survey data 5. National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) data 6. No single dataset, it is derived from the best imagery available, which varies by location 7. ASTER imagery 8. LiDAR Q8: The NLCD impervious dataset you obtained is stored as a: 1. 1-bit raster 2. 2-bit raster 3. 4-bit raster 4. 6-bit raster 5. 8-bit raster 6. 16-bit raster 7. 32-bit raster Q9: Which of the following is true about the NLCD imperviousness dataset? Select all that apply. 1. Each pixel represents the amount of visible light received by the sensor 2. Each pixel represents the amount of near-infrared energy received by the sensor 3. Each pixel represents the amount of thermal energy received by the sensor 4. A value of 0 for a pixel means that particular pixel is comprised of 0% impervious surfaces 5. A value of 100 for a pixel means that particular pixel is comprised of 100% impervious surfaces Prepare the HUC 12 subwatersheds for analysis The HUC 12 boundaries extend beyond the state boundary. Your boss has asked you to clip the data to the extent of the state boundary. Q10: The Clip tool is best described as what type of operation? 1.Closest facility 2.Conversion 3.Extract 4.Geocoding 5.Join 6.Linear referencing 7.Proximity 8.Topology Prepare the NLCD imperviousness for analysis The plan is to use the NLCD for subsequent analysis and thus the GIS team at DEC has asked you to project the NLCD impervious raster dataset so that its coordinate system matches that of the HUC 12 subwatersheds and state boundary. You have been given specific instructions to select a resampling method that preserves the original pixel values (i.e. the pixel values should not change because of the project operation). Q11: To preserve the pixel values when projecting the NLCD impervious dataset, what type of resampling method should you use? 1. Bicubic spline 2. Bilinear interpolation 3. Cubic convolution 4. Natural neighbor 5. Nearest neighbor Summarize imperviousness by subwatershed In order to prioritize the subwatersheds for establishing best management practices, you have been asked to compute the average percent impervious for each subwatershed. You should use the projected NLCD impervious raster and the clipped HUC12 feature class for this task. Q12: What type of geoprocessing operation are you being asked to perform? 1. Conditional 2. Distance 3. Density 4. Extraction 5. Generalization 6. Interpolation 7. Reclass 8. Zonal Q13: Excluding subwatersheds with an area less than 30,500,000 square meters, which watershed has the lowest average percent imperviousness (enter the unique HUC12 12-digit identifier)? Q14: Excluding subwatersheds with an area less than 30,500,000 square meters, which watershed has the highest percent imperviousness (enter the unique HUC12 12-digit identifier)? Create a Web App showing the average percent impervious for each subwatershed DEC would like to engage with local watershed planning groups to reduce runoff from urbanized areas. Your boss has asked you to develop a Web App (not a Web Map) with the following specifications: • The Web App should make it easy for the end-user to discern the average percent impervious for each subwatershed within a few seconds of opening the web app. • Clicking on a subwatershed should display the HUC 12 ID, the subwatershed name, and the average percent imperviousness to one decimal place (e.g. 1.5%). All fields should have meaningful names/aliases in the popup (e.g. “Average % Impervious” not “AVERAGE”). All other fields should be hidden (i.e. not displayed). Use other Web App features you deem appropriate to make the Web App as user-friendly as possible to a broad audience. • The Web App should be shared with everyone. Test your Web App to confirm the sharing permissions are set correctly by testing the URL when you are logged out of ArcGIS Online. Web Apps that cannot be viewed will receive a score of 0. Q15: Provide the URL for your web app. Part 3: Impaired Stream Analysis-Bennington, VT The DEC and the Town of Bennington have begun working together to understand the impact(s) of impaired streams on the local community. Your job is to support this effort by conducting spatial analyses to produce metrics your boss can include in a report she is preparing for the town Selectboard, along with maps, charts, and a short review of your findings that can be used in public forums to promote and discuss the planned effort. Obtain the data Your office already has the following data: • Bennington Parcels (BenningtonParcels.shp). This dataset includes a unique identifier named SPAN which is also used by the Vermont Tax Department when they generate the Grand List. (NOTE: For the purposes of this exam, all polygons in this dataset are considered parcels (regardless of the PROPTYPE code).) • Bennington Grand List (tbl_Bennington2016.xlsx) (NOTE: The Grand List is an inventory of all of the properties and their associated attributes (e.g. size, value, owner name) within a town.) • A document detailing all of the attributes in the Grand List (GrandListDataDictionary2016.docx) (NOTE: Not all of the attributes listed in the data dictionary are included in the Grand List data provided to you. When answering questions about the Grand List, only the data I provided will be required.) • Digital Elevation Model (dem.tif) representing the bare earth topographic surface with above ground features (e.g. trees, buildings, utility lines) removed. Derived from a 2012 LiDAR data collection effort. Pixel values represent elevation (meters) relative to mean sea level. • Digital SurfaceModel (dsm.tif) representing the elevation of all features on the Earth’s surface. Derived from a 2012 LiDAR collect. Pixel values represent elevation (meters) relative to mean sea level. • Aerial imagery (naip.tif) obtained from a summer 2012 National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) data collection effort. In addition to the provided data, you will need to acquire the following data from the Vermont Open Geodata Portal. • 303(d) streams and rivers (303(d) streams/river) • Vermont town boundaries (VT Data - Town Boundaries) Prepare the parcel and grand list data In preparing to join the grand list to the parcel data you notice that not all parcels have information in the SPAN attribute field that would enable a complete 1-to-1 join of all parcel records. Q16: How many parcels have no SPAN identifier preventing them from being joined to the grand list? (Your answer should be a whole number.) Join the grand list to the parcel data. Some of the best management practices being considered by DEC are focused on residential properties. DEC has an interest in knowing what percent of all the parcels in the town are primary residences using attribute information that can be obtained from the Grand List. Q17: What percent of all parcels are declared a homestead (a HomesteadDeclaration value equal to “Y” means parcel is a primary residence), and have a HousesiteValue less than $200,000? (Enter your answer as a whole number. For example, if 25% of the parcels meet the criteria, enter 25as your response). Locate a property One property owner has expressed an interest in participating in a pilot best management practices program. Q18: What is the SPAN number of the parcel located at 180 Country Club Drive? Estimate tree canopy Trees provide important ecosystem services, including reducing nonpoint source pollution, purifying air and reducing ambient temperature. One of the GIS analysts in DEC is interested in piloting an automated procedure for quantifying tree canopy using imagery (NAIP) and LiDAR so that she can estimate the value of their ecosystem services. The routine she came up with is NDVI > 0.2 and nDSM > 3. The nDSM is the normalized digital surface model, which is calculated by subtracting the DEM from the DSM. It represents the height above ground. You have been instructed to produce a new raster layer, representing tree canopy, using this formula. Q19: Match the appropriate NAIP band to the corresponding portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to which it is sensitive. Bands: 1, 2, 3, 4 Spectrum: Blue, Green, Red, Near-Infrared Q20: What reason best describes why the method you employed underestimates tree canopy? 1. The NDVI value in the formula is too low. 2. NAIP lacks a shortwave infrared band so NDVI computed from NAIP is not true NDVI. 3. The LiDAR appears to have been acquired under leaf-off conditions and thus many deciduous trees do not appear in the nDSM. 4. Because LiDAR uses a near-infrared wavelength, its signal is absorbed by vegetation. Buffer the impaired streams & compute the area of tree canopy Your focus is on analyzing tree canopy and properties within 750-m of all impaired streams within Bennington. Create a new feature class of all the 303(d) streams in Bennington, and then buffer those streams by 750-m. The buffered region around the 303(d) streams represents the area potentially affected by the contaminants in the surface water. Q21: Using the method above for deriving tree canopy, approximately what percent of the area within the buffer is covered by tree canopy? 1.2% 2.5% 3.8% 4.11% 5.12% 6.13% 7.18% 8.22% Analyze parcels within the buffer Your boss is eager to prove to the Selectboard that the water quality issues the town is facing are serious. She would like you to count the number of affected parcels using the 750-m stream buffer and the parcel data. Q22: There are [x] parcels completely within the buffered region, and [y] parcels which intersect the buffered region. Please enter integer values. You show her your results, and together you decide that you should use the number that reflects the total number of parcels that are completely within the buffered region. Create a new feature class which includes only the parcels that are completely within the buffered region. Q23: Your boss initially wanted to focus on the parcels that intersect the buffer, but you convinced her that was not appropriate. You suggested that focusing on those parcels completely within the buffer was more appropriate for which of the following reasons (select all that apply): 1. The result of the intersect selection includes road polygons which extend beyond the boundaries of the buffered area; 2. The Selectboard is afraid of big numbers; 3. All of the roads should be included in the selection because they are hydrologically connected to the impaired stream; 4. Parcels with only a tiny fraction of their area overlapping the buffer will be excluded from the selection; or 5. All of the above. Good news from the capital! There is a possibility that the state task force created as part of the legal settlement will help finance a buyout program of the most vulnerable properties. Before they will agree to move the conversation forward, however, they would like some basic information from the town. Your boss agreed that the analysis should only include those parcels completely within the stream buffer, and she would like you to answer the following questions so she can report back to the taskforce. Q24: Which range of values below contains the percent of the buffered region that is comprised of the selected parcels? 1. 10% -12% 2. 12% -18% 3. 21% -64% 4. 63% -74% 5. None of the above Q25: How many of the property owners are town residents? Q26: Of the parcels owned by town residents, how many of them are greater than 2 acres? Q27: Create a bar graph displaying the non-residential value grouped by residential ownership code (for all ownership code types) for all of the parcels completely within the buffered region. Export the graph as a JPEG file, and upload it for review. Q28: Using the TotalAcres and ListedValueLand attributes, compute the price per acre for all of the parcels completely within the buffered region, and then answer the following questions. (NOTE: Be sure to clear your selection after each question unless instructed otherwise.) 1. The maximum price per acre for all parcels in the buffered region is [x], and [y] parcels feature that price. 2. True or False: The maximum price per acre for a parcel with a HomesteadDeclaration value equal to Y, where the TotalAcres value is at least 5 is greater than $6,000. 3. There are [x] commercial parcels (not commercial apartments) less than 10 total acres are valued at less than $50,000 / acre, and [y] of these parcels are within 100-m of the town’s impaired streams. Create a Map Layout Things are really progressing. The preliminary analysis you performed convinced the Selectboard and the state task force to move ahead with the project. Your boss has asked for a few more deliverables before she can take the information out to the community. Zoom to the spatial extent of the buffered region. Prepare a map layout displaying the price per acre of the parcels in the affected area, and the boundary of the buffered region. Be sure to include a location map (in the layout) to serve as a reference for members of the state task force that may not be familiar with the town. In the location map, only include the town boundary and the polygon delineating the buffered region. Be sure to include all required map elements. Export your map layout as a PDF and upload the document for review. Q29: Submit your Map Layout for reciew. Follow-on questions Q30: How would you do that? Your boss is impressed with your cartographic skills and is planning to take copies of your maps and charts to public meetings with community leaders throughout the town. To bolster her green credentials, she is planning to ride her bike to all the meetings. Fortunately, the town has a great network of bike lanes on all its streets, so safety is not an issue. She is trying to plan her meeting schedule and wants to minimize the amount of time she spends cycling to her meetings. You tell her you know just the analysis to perform to simplify her travel planning. Describe what geoprocessing tools you could use to produce the information your boss needs to minimize her travel time. Be sure to include tool names, a summary of what the tool(s) do (and the data they produce), and any data input requirements necessary to conduct the analysis. (Please note that your response is limited to 150 words.) Q31: How would you do that? While your boss was traveling throughout town showing off all your good work, she heard a lot of rumblings about a proposed wind power project slated for construction near Bald Mountain (in the northeast corner of town). Although the residents of Bennington voted to ban all wind turbine development in town to protect their scenic resources, the town of Woodford does not have the same restrictions. People around town are concerned about the visual impacts of the 400-ft tall turbines. What geoprocessing operation would you perform to delineate the potential extent of visual impact from the proposed project? How would you identify which parcels would have visibility of the tower from more than 50% of its area? Be sure to include tool names, a summary of what the tool(s) do (and the data they produce), and any data input requirements necessary to conduct the analysis. (Please note that your response is limited to 250 words.)
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