PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |1




Provided Equations:





PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |2











Provided Equations:




PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |3











PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |4



PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |5


PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |6




PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |7



















PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |8

COVID-19 Vaccines, Exposure, and getting the Virus
Table 1: Indirect COVID-19 Exposure Table 2: Direct COVID-19 Exposure
Received Vaccine Received Vaccine
Positive Test
for COVID-19 No Yes Total
Positive Test
for COVID-19 No Yes Total
No 40 55 95 No 20 120 140
Yes 70 5 75 Yes 80 30 110
Total 110 60 Total 100 150

Table 3: Chi-square and Measures of Association
Indirect COVID-19
Exposure
Direct COVID-19
Exposure
Chi-Square 87.7
Gamma -0.71 -0.84
Kendall’s Tau-b -0.62 -0.79
Lambda 0.40 0.55
Cramer’s V 0.53 0.59















PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |9

Stress and College Majors
Codebook
Variable Description
STRESS Decimal percentage (i.e. 1 = 100%) indicating the level of a
stress a student has. 0 indicates no stress while 1 indicates the
highest level of stress they have ever had
SCIENCE Dummy variable; 1 if a science major, 0 otherwise
MATH Dummy variable; 1 if a math major, 0 otherwise
APPLIED Dummy variable; 1 if an applied science/math major (business,
public policy, etc.), 0 otherwise
OTHER Dummy variable; 1 if not a science, math, or applied
science/math major, 0 if any of those majors
UNDERGRADUATE Dummy variable; 1 if an undergraduate student, 0 otherwise
GRADUATE Dummy variable; 1 if a graduate student, 0 otherwise


Regression Results

̂ = + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
Coefficient p-value
Intercept 0.69
SCIENCE 0.21 0.0451
MATH 0.10 0.0321
APPLIED 0.25 0.0024
UNDERGRADUATE -0.32 0.0891

̂ = + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
Coefficient p-value
Intercept 0.94
SCIENCE -0.40 0.0495
MATH -0.14 0.0165
OTHER -0.25 0.0032
UNDERGRADUATE -0.32 0.1563



PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |10

̂ = + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
Coefficient p-value
Intercept 0.37
SCIENCE 0.21 0.0259
MATH 0.10 0.0398
APPLIED 0.25 0.0034
GRADUATE 0.32 0.0765

̂ = + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
Coefficient p-value
Intercept 0.62
SCIENCE -0.4 0.0490
MATH -0.15 0.0019
OTHER -0.25 0.0001
GRADUATE 0.32 0.1340















PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |11

Voter Suppression and Turnout
Table 1: Voter Counts
County 2016 2020
1 753 602
2 431 345
3 1087 870
4 2569 2055
5 980 784
6 237 190

Table 2: Summary Statistics
2016 2020 Difference of 2020
and 2016
Sample Size 6 6 6
Mean 1,009.5 807.7 -201.8
Standard Deviation 756.8 605.3 151.5

Table 3: Degrees of Freedom and Standard Error Calculations
Calculation Degrees of
Freedom
1 − 1 5
2 − 2 5
(
1
2
1
⁄ +
2
2
2
⁄ )2
(
1
2
1
⁄ )
2
(1 − 1)
⁄
+
(
2
2
2
⁄ )
2
(2 − 1)
⁄


4
1 + 2 − 2 10

∗ − 1 5








PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |12

Table 4: Standard Error Calculations
Calculation Standard
Error
√
[(1 − 1)1
2] + [(2 − 1)2
2]
1 + 2 − 2
× √
1
1
+
1
2

9.2
√. .12+ . .22 23.5
1
√1

22.6
2
√2

11.5
. .
∗∗

12.3

* This refers to the sample size of the “Difference of 2020 to 2016” column
** This refers to the s.e. the “Difference of 2020 to 2016” column, calculated as . . =

√
















PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |13

Service Economies and GDP
Codebook
Variable Description
Country Name of the country
GDP_c GDP per capita in 1,000s of dollars
Service Percent of the economy dedicated to services, in
decimal percent (i.e. 1 = 100%)
Europe Dummy variable; 1 if country is primarily in
Europe, 0 otherwise

Data
Country GDP_c Service Europe
Belgium 529.2 0.772 1
Singapore 528.1 0.752 0
Switzerland 523.1 0.737 1
Sweden 518 0.654 1
Romania 483.4 0.626 1
Kazakhstan 478.6 0.612 0
Chile 452.1 0.63 0
Austria 441 0.703 1
Peru 430.3 0.599 0
Venezuela 381.6 0.549 0
Norway 381.2 0.64 1












PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |14

Graphs
Graph 1: Scatter of Service and GDP_c

Graph 2: Scatter of Europe and GDP_c







-
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
G
D
P
p
er
C
ap
it
a
($
1
0
0
0
's
)
Percent of Economy that is Service Oriented
-
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
0 1
G
D
P
p
er
C
ap
it
a
($
1
0
0
0
's
)
Country in Europe
PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |15

Regression Output:
Regression 1: Service on GDP_c
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Significance
F
Regression 1 16074.05152 16074.05 9.928348378 0.011720031
Residual 9 14571.0503 1619.006
Total 10 30645.10182

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 91.45038815 120.0783855 0.761589 0.465792574
Service 569.2391711 180.6576155 3.150928 0.011720031

Regression 2: Europe on GDP_c
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Significance
F
Regression 1 1728721485 1728721485 0.538051208 0.481910748
Residual 9 28916380333 3212931148
Total 10 30645101818

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 454140 25349.2846 17.91529849 2.39172E-08
Europe 25176.66667 34323.0936 0.733519739 0.481910748

Regression 3: Service on Europe
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Significance
F
Regression 1 0.544597547 0.544597547 2.245582839 0.16822564
Residual 9 2.18267518 0.242519464
Total 10 2.727272727

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Intercept
-
1.645586694 1.469650159
-
1.119713207 0.291826801
Service 3.313370035 2.211084804 1.49852689 0.16822564

PPD 570 | Final Exam Supplemental Documentation |16

Regression 4: Europe on Service
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Significance
F
Regression 1 0.009905648 0.009905648 2.245582839 0.16822564
Residual 9 0.039700533 0.00441117
Total 10 0.049606182

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 0.6284 0.029702425 21.15652145 5.52711E-09
Europe 0.060266667 0.040217274 1.49852689 0.16822564


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